Practice Test 3 – Reading for Comprehension

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

Materials may be classified as insulators or conductors, depending on the ease with which they allow the passage of charges. An insulator may have a charge generated in one area, without the charge being distributed throughout the rest of the object. Amber and rubber are two classic examples of insulators. A conductor, meanwhile, is a material through which a charge can move quite freely. Almost all metals are excellent conductors: two of the metals most commonly used as conductors in industry are copper and aluminum. Some gases, as for instance ionized plasma, are also useful conductors.
When a charge is generated within a conductor, it will almost immediately distribute itself evenly throughout the object. In part, this is because the charge will have a single polarity (i.e., either positive or negative), and so the components of the charge will repel one another. The reason why a conductor allows the movement of a charge is because the atoms of the material are able to detach an electron easily. These detached electrons can move freely about the object and will behave almost like gas molecules. By contrast, the atoms in an insulator will not allow their electrons to detach, and therefore, the charge will not distribute.
Many materials combine elements of insulators and conductors. One interesting case is the photoconductor, a material that is an insulator in the dark, but will conduct a charge when light shines upon it. The element selenium is one example of a photoconductor, which is why this material is used in photocopying machines. In a standard photocopying machine, the surface of a plate or cylinder is coated with selenium, which becomes electrically charged after it goes past a series of wires. The original document is then projected through a lens onto the surface. In the places where the image is dark, the charge is retained; in the areas that light can shine through, the charge is drained. A negatively charged toner or dry ink is then applied to the latent image, so that it may be seen. The positively charged paper attracts this dry ink from the plate, which forms a direct positive image. This image is then fused onto the surface of the paper with heat.
Some materials are neither pure insulators nor pure conductors. These materials, known as semiconductors, are often composites of several elements. By adjusting the relative amounts of these materials, then, scientists can fine-tune the level of conductivity. Because electronics require precise amounts of conductivity and insulation, the development of semiconductors has been instrumental in new technologies.

The steam engine was one of the inventions that ushered in the era of increased productivity known as the Industrial Revolution. Despite the long history of this device, however, it is still massively useful. In many countries, the majority of the electricity is still produced in steam power plants. These plants operate according to a simple system: fossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil, or gas) are combusted to heat water until it turns into steam. The expansion of this steam creates tremendous pressure inside the turbines, which in turn powers a generator, or even a steam engine coupled with a generator.
Steam power was first used to generate mechanical power in the eighteenth century and to create electricity for communities since 1882. The first steam engines were reciprocating, meaning that the steam flowed in two different directions with each cycle. However, the turbines used today are better, because they are more efficient, and their rotation is smoother. These turbines spin, rather than spinning a rod that then spins the alternator. The result is a more efficient motion that reduces the wear on equipment and eliminates the need for frequent maintenance.
Despite being a somewhat antiquated method of generating electricity, steam power plants still have a few clear advantages. They do not require the use of expensive fuel, and they require much less space than more modern power plants. Moreover, they cost much less to build than other power plants, and they can be built almost anywhere, which means that they can be positioned strategically to minimize transportation costs. A steam power plant can be started and stopped quickly, and it can rapidly respond to differences in demand. A steam power plant is capable of working at its capacity for a very long time.
There are some common problems with steam power plants, however. They cost a great deal to maintain and operate, and they are extremely inefficient. A steam power plant typically operates at only about 30% efficiency: the majority of the heat generated through combustion is lost during its passage through the various channels of operation. Furthermore, steam power plants require a huge amount of water, which means that they usually must be placed near bodies of water. These plants also produce large quantities of ash, which may create disposal complications. Finally, the process of constructing a steam power plant can take a long time.

The steam engine was one of the inventions that ushered in the era of increased productivity known as the Industrial Revolution. Despite the long history of this device, however, it is still massively useful. In many countries, the majority of the electricity is still produced in steam power plants. These plants operate according to a simple system: fossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil, or gas) are combusted to heat water until it turns into steam. The expansion of this steam creates tremendous pressure inside the turbines, which in turn powers a generator, or even a steam engine coupled with a generator.
Steam power was first used to generate mechanical power in the eighteenth century and to create electricity for communities since 1882. The first steam engines were reciprocating, meaning that the steam flowed in two different directions with each cycle. However, the turbines used today are better, because they are more efficient, and their rotation is smoother. These turbines spin, rather than spinning a rod that then spins the alternator. The result is a more efficient motion that reduces the wear on equipment and eliminates the need for frequent maintenance.
Despite being a somewhat antiquated method of generating electricity, steam power plants still have a few clear advantages. They do not require the use of expensive fuel, and they require much less space than more modern power plants. Moreover, they cost much less to build than other power plants, and they can be built almost anywhere, which means that they can be positioned strategically to minimize transportation costs. A steam power plant can be started and stopped quickly, and it can rapidly respond to differences in demand. A steam power plant is capable of working at its capacity for a very long time.
There are some common problems with steam power plants, however. They cost a great deal to maintain and operate, and they are extremely inefficient. A steam power plant typically operates at only about 30% efficiency: the majority of the heat generated through combustion is lost during its passage through the various channels of operation. Furthermore, steam power plants require a huge amount of water, which means that they usually must be placed near bodies of water. These plants also produce large quantities of ash, which may create disposal complications. Finally, the process of constructing a steam power plant can take a long time.

The steam engine was one of the inventions that ushered in the era of increased productivity known as the Industrial Revolution. Despite the long history of this device, however, it is still massively useful. In many countries, the majority of the electricity is still produced in steam power plants. These plants operate according to a simple system: fossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil, or gas) are combusted to heat water until it turns into steam. The expansion of this steam creates tremendous pressure inside the turbines, which in turn powers a generator, or even a steam engine coupled with a generator.
Steam power was first used to generate mechanical power in the eighteenth century and to create electricity for communities since 1882. The first steam engines were reciprocating, meaning that the steam flowed in two different directions with each cycle. However, the turbines used today are better, because they are more efficient, and their rotation is smoother. These turbines spin, rather than spinning a rod that then spins the alternator. The result is a more efficient motion that reduces the wear on equipment and eliminates the need for frequent maintenance.
Despite being a somewhat antiquated method of generating electricity, steam power plants still have a few clear advantages. They do not require the use of expensive fuel, and they require much less space than more modern power plants. Moreover, they cost much less to build than other power plants, and they can be built almost anywhere, which means that they can be positioned strategically to minimize transportation costs. A steam power plant can be started and stopped quickly, and it can rapidly respond to differences in demand. A steam power plant is capable of working at its capacity for a very long time.
There are some common problems with steam power plants, however. They cost a great deal to maintain and operate, and they are extremely inefficient. A steam power plant typically operates at only about 30% efficiency: the majority of the heat generated through combustion is lost during its passage through the various channels of operation. Furthermore, steam power plants require a huge amount of water, which means that they usually must be placed near bodies of water. These plants also produce large quantities of ash, which may create disposal complications. Finally, the process of constructing a steam power plant can take a long time.

The steam engine was one of the inventions that ushered in the era of increased productivity known as the Industrial Revolution. Despite the long history of this device, however, it is still massively useful. In many countries, the majority of the electricity is still produced in steam power plants. These plants operate according to a simple system: fossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil, or gas) are combusted to heat water until it turns into steam. The expansion of this steam creates tremendous pressure inside the turbines, which in turn powers a generator, or even a steam engine coupled with a generator.
Steam power was first used to generate mechanical power in the eighteenth century and to create electricity for communities since 1882. The first steam engines were reciprocating, meaning that the steam flowed in two different directions with each cycle. However, the turbines used today are better, because they are more efficient, and their rotation is smoother. These turbines spin, rather than spinning a rod that then spins the alternator. The result is a more efficient motion that reduces the wear on equipment and eliminates the need for frequent maintenance.
Despite being a somewhat antiquated method of generating electricity, steam power plants still have a few clear advantages. They do not require the use of expensive fuel, and they require much less space than more modern power plants. Moreover, they cost much less to build than other power plants, and they can be built almost anywhere, which means that they can be positioned strategically to minimize transportation costs. A steam power plant can be started and stopped quickly, and it can rapidly respond to differences in demand. A steam power plant is capable of working at its capacity for a very long time.
There are some common problems with steam power plants, however. They cost a great deal to maintain and operate, and they are extremely inefficient. A steam power plant typically operates at only about 30% efficiency: the majority of the heat generated through combustion is lost during its passage through the various channels of operation. Furthermore, steam power plants require a huge amount of water, which means that they usually must be placed near bodies of water. These plants also produce large quantities of ash, which may create disposal complications. Finally, the process of constructing a steam power plant can take a long time.

The steam engine was one of the inventions that ushered in the era of increased productivity known as the Industrial Revolution. Despite the long history of this device, however, it is still massively useful. In many countries, the majority of the electricity is still produced in steam power plants. These plants operate according to a simple system: fossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil, or gas) are combusted to heat water until it turns into steam. The expansion of this steam creates tremendous pressure inside the turbines, which in turn powers a generator, or even a steam engine coupled with a generator.
Steam power was first used to generate mechanical power in the eighteenth century and to create electricity for communities since 1882. The first steam engines were reciprocating, meaning that the steam flowed in two different directions with each cycle. However, the turbines used today are better, because they are more efficient, and their rotation is smoother. These turbines spin, rather than spinning a rod that then spins the alternator. The result is a more efficient motion that reduces the wear on equipment and eliminates the need for frequent maintenance.
Despite being a somewhat antiquated method of generating electricity, steam power plants still have a few clear advantages. They do not require the use of expensive fuel, and they require much less space than more modern power plants. Moreover, they cost much less to build than other power plants, and they can be built almost anywhere, which means that they can be positioned strategically to minimize transportation costs. A steam power plant can be started and stopped quickly, and it can rapidly respond to differences in demand. A steam power plant is capable of working at its capacity for a very long time.
There are some common problems with steam power plants, however. They cost a great deal to maintain and operate, and they are extremely inefficient. A steam power plant typically operates at only about 30% efficiency: the majority of the heat generated through combustion is lost during its passage through the various channels of operation. Furthermore, steam power plants require a huge amount of water, which means that they usually must be placed near bodies of water. These plants also produce large quantities of ash, which may create disposal complications. Finally, the process of constructing a steam power plant can take a long time.

The steam engine was one of the inventions that ushered in the era of increased productivity known as the Industrial Revolution. Despite the long history of this device, however, it is still massively useful. In many countries, the majority of the electricity is still produced in steam power plants. These plants operate according to a simple system: fossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil, or gas) are combusted to heat water until it turns into steam. The expansion of this steam creates tremendous pressure inside the turbines, which in turn powers a generator, or even a steam engine coupled with a generator.
Steam power was first used to generate mechanical power in the eighteenth century and to create electricity for communities since 1882. The first steam engines were reciprocating, meaning that the steam flowed in two different directions with each cycle. However, the turbines used today are better, because they are more efficient, and their rotation is smoother. These turbines spin, rather than spinning a rod that then spins the alternator. The result is a more efficient motion that reduces the wear on equipment and eliminates the need for frequent maintenance.
Despite being a somewhat antiquated method of generating electricity, steam power plants still have a few clear advantages. They do not require the use of expensive fuel, and they require much less space than more modern power plants. Moreover, they cost much less to build than other power plants, and they can be built almost anywhere, which means that they can be positioned strategically to minimize transportation costs. A steam power plant can be started and stopped quickly, and it can rapidly respond to differences in demand. A steam power plant is capable of working at its capacity for a very long time.
There are some common problems with steam power plants, however. They cost a great deal to maintain and operate, and they are extremely inefficient. A steam power plant typically operates at only about 30% efficiency: the majority of the heat generated through combustion is lost during its passage through the various channels of operation. Furthermore, steam power plants require a huge amount of water, which means that they usually must be placed near bodies of water. These plants also produce large quantities of ash, which may create disposal complications. Finally, the process of constructing a steam power plant can take a long time.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

In most cases, the transfer of heat requires a medium, like air, water, or metal. Radiation, however, can occur without a medium. Radiation is the movement of energy through electromagnetic waves. Most people know that excessive radiation can be harmful, but very few are aware that most of the radiation absorbed by an average person comes from natural sources. In the United States, an average person receives approximately 0.2 rem (roentgen equivalent for man, a unit that takes into account the amount and the type of radiation); of this, only about 20% comes from human activities. The rest comes from natural sources, like rocks, minerals, and even cosmic rays from outer space.
Nevertheless, there are health risks associated with excessive exposure to radioactive materials. The risk is not restricted to the production of nuclear power, either. People who fly a great deal, or even just live at a high elevation, are more susceptible to radiation originating beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Medical personnel are often exposed to greater levels of radiation because of the chemicals and equipment (x rays, for instance) they use.
Another common source of dangerous radiation is radon gas, which may seep up from the ground and into the foundations of a house. Radon gas has a very short half-life, and it decays in the lungs into a radioactive isotope of polonium. This polonium can stay in the lungs for a long time, and while it is there, it can contribute to cancerous mutations in the tissue. Every year, more than 15,000 people in the United States die of lung cancer caused by radon. Certain types of soil and bedrock are particularly prone to radon, but they are distributed throughout the country. A recent study by the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that one in every fifteen homes has elevated levels of radon.
Radon problems can be identified with a simple test, and there are some other ways to protect against excessive exposure to radiation. A great deal of radiation is blocked by skin and clothing, but some particles are still inhaled and ingested. Radioactive particles may penetrate the skin, though rarely far enough to damage the internal organs. The most powerful radioactive particles, however, can only be stopped by concrete or lead.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

It is certain that there would be more coal consumed in conventional boilers, if it were it not for harmful emissions. The combustion of coal releases sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and several nitrogen dioxides, among other chemical gases. These chemicals have adverse consequences for human health and for the environment.
One possible solution to this problem is the technique known as carbon sequestration, the injection of carbon dioxide into geologic formations far below the earth’s surface. There are a number of possible destinations for sequestered carbon: the bottom of the ocean, sandstone formations, and partially empty oil and gas reservoirs. In some cases, the carbon dioxide is compressed before it is pumped to its new home. There is a great deal of optimism about carbon sequestration at present: a report by the United Nations recently suggested that more than half of global carbon emissions could be disposed of in this way.
There are other technologies that inspire hopes of mitigating the harmful impact of greenhouse gases. For instance, China has become the leading user of supercritical boilers, which, contrary to their name, actually get so hot that water passes immediately from liquid to gas form without boiling at all. The speed with which steam is generated by these devices reduces the amount of coal required to heat them, thus reducing dangerous emissions.
Another possible method for reducing carbon emissions is to combine biomass crops with coal in power plants. The addition of biomass, which is any material created from the remains of plants or animals, reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. Many experts believe that so-called “flex fuel” boilers, designed to handle this mixture of materials, can be used effectively until more permanent sources of renewable energy have been developed.
Finally, scientists have developed the integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, which converts coal into gas and then purifies this gas prior to combustion. The IGCC not only removes pollutants, it also preserves them in such a way that many of them can be used in other industrial processes. The technology used in the IGCC can also convert the carbon in the gas to hydrogen, and the carbon dioxide produced by this conversion can be contained and stored. At present, this technology is in the trial phase, but it offers real hope of reducing pollution without crippling the coal industry.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.

As the need for electrical power grows and the supply of available fossil fuels dwindles, nuclear power plants have become increasingly popular globally. Nuclear power plants generate energy through a process known as nuclear fission. Inside a nuclear reactor, the altering of nuclear particles releases huge amounts of energy, as some of the mass of the nuclei is actually converted into energy. Nuclear power plants were thought to be the future of energy production in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, but high-profile accidents and unanticipated expenses tarnished their image. Nuclear power is more popular in countries like Japan, India, and France.
Nuclear power plants have some obvious advantages over other methods of generating electricity. For one thing, they require very little fuel, which eliminates all of the costs and hassles associated with acquiring, moving, and storing large amounts of coal or gas. A nuclear power plant can supply much more power than a steam plant of the same size and, indeed, is the most space-efficient type of power plant. The use of nuclear power plants conserves the supply of other fossil fuels, which can then be used as raw material in chemical industries. Finally, it is very easy to adjust the output of a nuclear power plant, so it is easy to achieve maximum efficiency.
These plants have their drawbacks, however, some of which are well known to the general public. Nuclear power plants cost a huge amount of money to build, and their construction, operation, and maintenance require the highest level of technical skill and expertise. The operation of a nuclear power plant is relatively cheap, but the cost of maintenance can be astronomical. Finally, of course, there is always the risk of a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant. The presence of extremely radioactive material presents a serious hazard for any people or wildlife in the area. These accidents are very rare, but when they occur, they are devastating.
The selection of a site for a nuclear power plant is subject to some unique considerations. The best spot for one of these plants is next to a body of water and away from any populated areas. The water is important for cooling the plant during operation. It is also beneficial for the plant to be easily reachable by some form of transportation, as construction will require a great deal of material and equipment to be moved.